How the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) Functions to Prevent Lime Scale Formation and to Dissolve Existing Scale

The Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) consists of many precious and semiprecious metals that form a special electrochemical catalyst. In addition, the core includes multiple venturis configured to prevent flow restriction while providing a high degree of turbulence and increased physical contact between:

  • the ions and molecules in the water
  • the core itself, thereby increasing catalytic efficiency

Why the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) Core Acts as a Catalyst

All metals give up electrons in their outer atomic shells easily. For this reason, metals are good or excellent electrical conductors. Of all non-radioactive metals, cesium is the least electron acquisitive; it has an electro negativity of 0.7 on the Electro negativity Scale of the Elements.

When water is in the form of ice, the molecules and ions in it are held in a relatively rigid pattern. But in the liquid state, this structure becomes a dynamic, whirling, chaotic dance in which groups of molecules and ions in the solution take turns whirling about one another, breaking their bonds, and finding new groups to find partners with. When water rushes through the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System), the pattern becomes even more frenetic; an electron orbits and associated bondings undergo increased perturbations and stresses, and additional electrons from the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) core are attracted into the water solution.

Verifiability of the Relative Electro negativities of the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) Core and the Water Solution

The loss of electrons by the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) to the water solution is easily verifiable by:

  • Adapting a Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) to a garden hose
  • turning on the hose faucet
  • connecting the positive lead of a multimeter to the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) case
  • inserting the negative lead probe into the water stream and observing a voltage drop.
  • In this test do not jumper the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) to earth ground.

 

Boiling Characteristics of Catalytic 3G-AQUA Conditioned Water Versus Non-conditioned Water

All other things being equal, the decrease in surface tension due to the decrease in hydrogen bonding of the water molecules reduces the boiling point of water. However, microwave oven tests conducted on equal amounts of conditioned and unconditioned water sometimes show that the boiling point of the conditioned water sample is higher than that of the unconditioned water sample. This apparent paradox can be explained when it is remembered that the gaseous content of the conditioned water is reduced by the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System). This can result in an increase in the molecular weight of the water for the given volume.

According to the van der Waals Attraction Principle, which is used to explain differences in boiling points of different substances, normal molecular substances with larger molecular weight have higher boiling points than those with smaller molecular weight. However, after the unconditioned water is boiled and most of its gases are driven out by the heating, its boiling point will usually be higher because its hydrogen bonding is greater than that of the conditioned water. Results can also vary if the conditioned and the unconditioned water samples are drawn from different homes on the same street and have different amounts of dissolved solids, as when a Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) has been installed and in use in a home for several weeks and has reduced the amount of solids in the water sample contributed by the scale in the plumbing in the house. In any event, Catalytic 3G-AQUA conditioned water characteristically boils in a steadier, smoother pattern with smaller, more uniform-sized bubbles than does unconditioned water, thereby demonstrating another effect that decreased hydrogen bonding has on water.

Removal of Chlorine and Other Gaseous Substances from Water

Every metal surface contains many small anodes and cathodes. These opposite-polarity sites are caused by:

  • surface irregularities resulting from forming, extruding, casting, or other fabrication processes; stresses from welding, forming, or other operations;
  • and/or differences in the materials of which the metal or alloy is composed.

Because the core alloy of the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) consists of 12 different metals specially proportioned and processed, and because the core is formed by casting and has relatively rough surfaces, the quantity and power of the anodic and cathodic points have been maximized by the above-mentioned causes (1) and (3).

The Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) core contains thousands of cathodes which supply electrons to positively charged ions in the water (such as H+) but also contains thousands of anodes that remove electrons from negative ions such as Cl-, allowing them to gather together as neutral gases such as Cl2. However, more electrons are supplied by the core to the water solution than are removed from the solution because the core, being metallic, is more electropositive than is the water solution. For this reason, the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) requires a good electrical path to earth ground in order to have an abundant supply of electrons to add to the solution.

The anodes and cathodes on certain metal surfaces also cause anodic and cathodic reactions that result in typical rusting or corrosion of these surfaces in plumbing systems. However, the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) core alloy is nonferrous and highly resistant to rusting and corrosion. But in order to render the core even more resistant to corrosion in corrosive waters, the core has been dielectrically isolated from the stainless steel casing; in this configuration, the core's supply of electrons comes from the casing via the electrolytes in the water solution.

The turbulence resulting from the water rushing through the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) core facilitates the removal of gases by increasing the probabilities of gaseous elements such as Cl0 and N0 contacting other like elements and forming Cl2 gas and N2 gas, respectively. It should be noted that Cl2 (chlorine gas) is 2.49 times as heavy as air, however, and therefore will not rise up into the air at ordinary temperatures. For this reason, chlorine can more easily be smelled in a container only partly filled with chlorinated water conditioned by a Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) than in the case where the container is filled with the water to overflowing.

 

How Rust and Corrosion are Inhibited and Dissolved by the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System)

Rust is a type of corrosion involving the special case of iron. Rust formation requires three electrochemical steps:

  • Loss of metal occurs at the anodic area (anode) of the surface. In the case of iron, iron (FeO) is lost to the water solution and becomes oxidized to Fez+ ion.
  • As a result of the formation of Fez+, two electrons are released from the Fe atom and flow through the steel to a cathodic area (cathode).
  • Oxygen (O2) in the water solution moves to the cathode and completes the electric circuit by using the two electrons that moved to the cathode to form hydroxyl ions (OH-) at the cathode area.

The reactions are as follows:

Anodic reaction: FeO- > Fez+ + 2e

Cathodic reaction(s): /2 O2 + H2O + 2e-----> -----> 2(0H-)

ore-----> + H+ -----> HO If oxygen is absent, hydrogen ions (H+) participate in the reaction (equation (3) at the cathode instead of oxygen and completes the electrical circuit).

 

The Fez+ and OH- ions combine to form ferrous hydroxide as follows:

Fez+ + 2 OH- -----> FC(oH)2

 

Rust is formed when Fe(OH)2 is oxidized

2 Fc(oH)2 + }72 O2 -----> Fe2O3 - 2 H2O

Corrosion is inhibited if the iron is made more negative compared to its surroundings, forcing the anode areas to act as cathodes. This is accomplished by the attraction of some of the extra electrons in the water solution (supplied by the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System)) onto the anodic areas, thereby preventing the ionization of the Fe atoms. The additional electrons also dissolve rust by breaking it into fine colloidal particles (as indicated in equation (5) of Section 3.5) that go into suspension.

In a similar manner, corrosion is also inhibited and dissolved for metals other than iron such as brass and aluminum.

It is interesting to note that the addition of electrons to anodic areas in order to prevent corrosion has been accomplished by other means in industry. This method has been called "cathodic protection." Zinc plating is one example of this method of cathodic protection since zinc has a higher oxidation potential than iron and forces electrons onto the iron. Cathodic protection has also been obtained by driving stakes of magnesium or zinc into the ground and connecting then1 to pipelines or standpipes to be protected.

Water scientists have found that in addition to rust formed simply by corrosion; rust can be formed and deposited by iron-depositing bacteria in the water such as Sphaerotilus and Gallionella. Iron-depositing bacteria prefer water high in ferrous iron, which they convert to insoluble ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, which becomes part of the mucilaginous sheath around the cell. This deposits on galvanized steel pipes and accelerates corrosion rates, which produce additional soluble iron, further increasing the population of iron-depositing bacteria in the system.

The cycle sometimes continues until the whole system is plugged with oxidized iron deposits or until a pipe becomes rusted all the way through its walls. The cathodizing function of the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) also causes the Fe(OH)3 to break up into fine colloidal particles and go into suspension.

 

Effects of the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) on Algae and Fungus / Mildew Growth

Catalytic 3G-AQUA conditioned water has been found to have noticeable inhibiting effects on algae and fungus/mildew growth. In addition, it has been observed that chlorine stays in swimming pool water longer and does not have to be replenished as often.

Chlorine gas dissolved in water hydrolyzes readily according to the following Equation:

C12 + H2O -----> H+ + C1- + HOCI

Hypochlorous acid (HOCI) is the active microbiocidal ingredient formed by this reaction. This weak acid tends to undergo partial disassociation as follows:

E IOCI -----> H+ + OCI

This produces a hydrogen ion and hypochlorite ion. When the pH exceeds 9.5 in unconditioned water, HOCI completely dissociates into H+ + OCI-. The toxicity of chlorine is thought to be derived not from the chlorine itself or its release of nascent oxygen, but rather from the reaction of the HOCI on the enzyme system of the cell. The superiority of HOC1 over OCI appears to be due to the small molecular size and the electrical neutrality of HOCI, which allow it to pass through the cell membrane.

The Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) decreases the dissociation of HOCI equation (2) by providing additional electrons to the water solution which has the net effect of inhibiting the rise in the ph of swimming pool water.

This is due to inhibition of the following reaction, which occurs at alkalinity levels above pH 8.4.

HCO3 -----> H+ + CO32

Where H+ breaks away from CO32-. These inhibiting effects appear to be due to the net decrease in oxidation reactions that take place in the conditioned water as compared to the amount that takes place in non-conditioned water. Oxidation reactions involve the removal of electrons from elements low on the Electronegativity Scale and high on the Electromotive Series by elements or radicals at the opposite polarity. By supplying electrons to the water solution, the oxidation reactions appear to be inhibited to a significant extent.

Another result of the inhibiting of the dissociation of OCI-from HOCI is that the chlorine concentration in swimming pools in preserved for longer periods of time because OCI-is more easily broken down by sunlight than is HOCI.

The ability of the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) to reduce the gaseous content of the water solution probably also contributes to inhibition of algae growth. Algae requires nitrogen as well as phosphorous and sunlight for growth. By reducing the nitrogen content of the water, the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) reduces the nutrient supply of algae.

The reduction of mildew and fungus growth commonly reported by users of the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) can be explained by:

  • the increased "sheeting" action of the conditioned water resulting in faster drying of shower enclosures and sprinkled plant leaves
  • reduction of N2 in the water required for fungus and mildew growth
  • and a slight increase in cupric sulfate (CuSO4) content in the water resulting from a decrease of calcium sulfate (CaSO4).
  • The conversion of Ca2+ ions into Ca_ allows more SO42+ ions to bond ionically with Cu2+ ions in the water to form CuSO4 which acts as a fungicide.

 

Summary

The potable water supplied to us is basically electron-deficient and not in optimum states of equilibrium. In accordance with the electro negativities of chemical elements and the oxidation potentials of the elements as listed in the Electro negativity Scale and the Electromotive Series, respectively, the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) provides electrons to the water solution in a catalytic manner to reduce electron deficiencies in the water. This enables electrochemical changes to occur that:

  • inhibit scale and corrosion formation
  • dissolve existing scale and corrosion
  • increase the wetness and cleaning power of water
  • decrease the gaseous content of water
  • break down and leach away excessive salts from soil; and inhibit algae, fungus, and mildew growth.
  • Because of the dipolar (cathodic and anodic) nature of all formed metals, the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) also removes electrons from some negative ions.
  • However, the Catalytic 3G-AQUA (Natural Water Conditioning System) provides a significant net increase of electrons for the ions and colloids in the water solution

 

Resulting in

inhibition of undesirable oxidation reactions; an increase of beneficial reduction reactions; and keeping/putting of scale-binding particles and rust/corrosion particles in colloidal suspension by providing them with negative charges.